Pengertian Past Perfect Tense
past perfect adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi. Aksi yang telah selesai di masa lampau itu dapat terjadi berulang kali maupun hanya sekali.
1. Rumus Past Perfect Tense
Berikut rumus past perfect tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif.
verbal : menunjukkan adanya kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh si subject
| Rumus Past Perfect Tense | Contoh Past Perfect Tense |
| kalimat positif (+) S + had + past participle (V-3) | My brother had slept They had come |
| kalimat negatif (-) S + had + not + past participle (V-3) | My brother hadn’t slept They hadn’t come |
| kalimat interogatif (?) had + S + past participle (V-3) | Had my brother slept ? Had they come ? |
Non Verbal : menunjukkan keadaan si subject
| Bentuk kalimat | Rumus |
| kalimat positif (+) | Subj + had + been + adjective/adverb/noun/pronoun |
| kalimat negatif (-) | Subj + had + not + been + adjective/adverb/noun/pronoun |
| kalimat interogatif (?) | Had + Subj + been + adjective/adverb/noun/pronoun ? |
2. Subject verb agreement
| Subject | Verb |
| She | Had |
| He | Had |
| It | Had |
| Benda tunggal (singular noun ) – Upin – Student – Mouse | Had |
| I | Had |
| You | Had |
| They | Had |
| We | Had |
| Benda jama (plural noun ) – Upin and Ipin – StudentS – Mice | Had |
3. Time Expressions
Berikut beberapa time expression (keterangan waktu) yang dapat digunakan pada present perfect tense.
| No | ADVERB | Contoh |
| 1 | Penekanan kata sudah | already (sudah) |
| 2 | adverb of frequency | often (sering) usually (biasanya) sometimes (kadang-kadang) seldom (jarang) never (tidak pernah) |
| 3 | for + period of time up to present: | for an hour (selama satu jam) for three days (selama tiga hari) for two weeks (selama dua minggu) for a long time (selama waktu yang lama) for many years (selama bertahun-tahun) |
| 4 | since + starting time | since yesterday (sejak kemarin) since 7 am (sejak jam 7 pagi) since February (sejak Februari) since we first met (sejak kita pertama bertemu), since I moved here (sejak saya pindah kesini) |
| 5 | Adverb yang menunjukkan durasi waktu | recently, lately (belum lama ini) yet (masih) |
| 6 | Every + time + until + year | every day / every two days / every other day until 2012 (setiap hari / setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012) every summer until 2000 (setiap musim panas hingga tahun 2000) |
| 7 | Multiplicative Numbers + before + simple past tense / participle (phrase) | twice before getting married (dua kali sebelum menikah), two times before they got married (dua kali sebelum mereka menikah), three times before I read his review (tiga kali sebelum saya membaca tinjauannya) |
| 8 | subordinate conjunction | after (simple past + after + past perfect tense) before, by the time, when (past perfect tense + before / by the time / when + simple past tense) |
4. Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat
Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan aksi di masa lampau yang telah selesai terjadi sebelum past event lainnya. (time expression no 8)
Selain subordinate conjunction, dapat juga digunakan preposition prior to dan before (sebelum) yang merupakan sinonim.
Contoh
| 1 | when he came last night, the cake had run out. (Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.) |
| 2 | The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were called. (Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan verbal sebelum orangtuanya ditelepon.) |
| 3 | I had already eaten breakfast by the time he picked me up. (Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.) |
| 4 | Prior to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized by Japan for 3 years. (Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah dijajah Jepang selama 3 tahun.) |
Past perfect tense untuk menunjukkan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi di masa lampau. Time expression (keterangan waktu) yang sering digunakan yaitu frase adverb of frequency. Contoh time expression no 6. Dan 7
Contoh
| 1 | I had read the book three times before I read his review. (Saya telah membaca buku itu tiga kali sebelum saya membaca ulasannya.) |
| 2 | They had met twice before married. (Mereka bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.) |
| 3 | Yulia had been to the gym every two days until 2012. (Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012.) |
Past perfect tense digunakan pada reported speech setelah verb
- said
- told
- asked
- thought
- wondered
Contoh
| 1 | He said that he had listened carefully the instruction. (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan penuh perhatian.) |
| 2 | I thought he had changed to be better man. (Saya pikir dia telah berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.) |
Past perfect tense untuk mengekspresikan harapan atau impian yang tidak kesampaian melalui conditional sentence tipe 3
Rumus conditional sentence tipe 3:
if + past perfect tense + would/should/could/might + have + past participle
Contoh
| 1 | If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.) |
| 2 | Rina would have been the same level with me if she had studied harder. (Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika dia belajar lebih keras.) |
Past Perfect vs Present Perfect
Penggunaan kedua bentuk ini bisa cukup membingungkan. Untuk itu, perlu diingat hal berikut:
| Past Perfect Tense | present perfect |
| Gunakan past perfect untuk memperlihatkan perbedaan dua kejadian yang terjadi di masa lalu. | Gunakan present perfect untuk menghubungkan kejadian di masa lalu dan kejadian di masa sekarang. |
| Contoh kalimat: They were excited because they had won the competition. | Contoh kalimat: They are excited because they have won the competition. They are excited adalah situasi saat ini. |
| They were excited dan they had won adalah dua kejadian berbeda di masa lampau. Kedua kejadian tersebut tidak ada hubungannya dengan masa sekarang lagi. | They have won adalah kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau namun efeknya masih dirasakan sampai saat sekarang. |
Apabila kita bisa mengingat perbedaan mendasar past perfect tense dan present perfect tense, kita tidak akan mungkin salah dalam penggunaan keduanya