Dialogs
Dialogs
About Dialogs
The first part of the Listening Comprehension section consists of spoken dialogs (conversations) between two speakers. A third speaker asks a question about what was said or implied in the conversation. You must decide which of the four answer choices printed in your test book is the best answer for the question you hear and then mark that choice on your answer sheet. Between each of the dialogs is a twelve-second pause. There are thirty dialogs. (Bagian pertama dari bagian Listening Comprehension terdiri dari dialog lisan (percakapan) antara dua penutur. Pembicara ketiga mengajukan pertanyaan tentang apa yang dikatakan atau tersirat dalam percakapan. Anda harus memutuskan mana dari empat pilihan jawaban yang tercetak di buku ujian Anda yang terbaik jawaban untuk pertanyaan yang Anda dengar dan kemudian tandai pilihan itu pada lembar jawaban Anda. Antara masing-masing dialognya adalah jeda dua belas detik. Ada tiga puluh dialog.)
Sample Item
| You will hear:
|
Ml : Do you think I should leave this chair against the wall or put it somewhere else? (Apakah menurut Anda saya harus meninggalkan kursi ini di dinding atau meletakkannya di tempat lain?)F1 : Over by the window, I’d say. (Di dekat jendela, kataku.) M2: What does the woman think the man should do? |
| You will read: | (A) Open the window. (8) Move the chair. (C) Leave the room. (D) Take a seat. |
| The woman indicates that she thinks the man should put the chair over by the window rather than leave it where it is. In other words, he should move it. The best answer is, therefore (B).
Note: M1 = first male voice |
The Dialogs
Most of the dialogue in Part A involves a man and a woman. A few involve two men or two women. Each speaker usually speaks one or two sentences. Many dialogs (about 25%) are about facets of life at American universities: attending classes, talking to professors, writing research papers, and taking tests. Other dialogs are about more general activities: shopping in grocery stores, looking for housing, taking vacations, and going to meetings and parties. The tone of the dialog is informal. Idioms, first names, and contractions (I’m, doesn’t, can’t) are often heard. Some of the items test your ability to understand various language functions. For example, you must be able to determine if a speaker is agreeing or disagreeing with the other speaker, or if one speaker is accepting or rejecting the other speaker’s offer. (Sebagian besar dialog di Bagian A melibatkan pria dan wanita. Beberapa melibatkan dua pria atau dua wanita. Setiap pembicara biasanya berbicara satu atau dua kalimat. Banyak dialog (sekitar 25%) tentang segi kehidupan di universitas Amerika: menghadiri kelas, berbicara dengan profesor, menulis makalah penelitian, mengambil tes. Dialog lainnya adalah tentang kegiatan yang lebih umum: berbelanja di toko kelontong, mencari perumahan, berlibur, pergi ke pertemuan dan pesta. Nada dialognya informal. Idiom, nama depan, kontraksi (saya, tidak, tidak bisa) sering terdengar. Beberapa item menguji kemampuan Anda memahami berbagai fungsi bahasa. Misalnya, Anda harus dapat menentukan apakah seorang pembicara setuju atau tidak setuju dengan pembicara lain, atau jika salah satu pembicara menerima atau menolak yang lain tawaran pembicara.)
The Questions
Most of the questions about the dialog focus on what the second speaker says. However, it is usually necessary to understand the entire dialog in order to choose the correct answer. For example, in the Sample Item, it is not clear what the woman means when she says “Over by the window” unless you understand what the man says first. One or two questions in each test may focus instead on what the first speaker says. (Sebagian besar pertanyaan tentang dialog berfokus pada apa yang dikatakan pembicara kedua. Namun, biasanya perlu memahami seluruh dialog untuk memilih jawaban yang benar. Misalnya, dalam Butir Sampel, tidak jelas apa yang dimaksud wanita saat dia berkata “Di dekat jendela” kecuali Anda memahami apa yang dikatakan pria terlebih dahulu. Satu atau dua pertanyaan di setiap tes mungkin berfokus pada apa yang dikatakan pembicara pertama.)
| No. | Common Part A Question Type | Example |
| 1 | Meaning questions These are the most common questions (about 50%). They ask for a restatement of what the second speaker or both speakers say. They may be general questions or ask what the speakers say about some specific topic. They often follow dialogs that contain idioms. (Pertanyaan makna Ini adalah pertanyaan yang paling umum (sekitar 50%). Mereka meminta pernyataan ulang tentang apa yang dikatakan pembicara kedua atau kedua pembicara. Itu mungkin pertanyaan umum atau menanyakan apa yang dikatakan pembicara tentang beberapa topik tertentu. Mereka sering mengikuti dialog yang mengandung idiom.) | “What does the man/woman mean? (“Apa maksud pria/wanita itu?”)“What do the speakers say about —?” (“Apa yang pembicara katakan tentang —?”) |
| 2. | Inference questions These are the second most common Part A questions (about 20%). The answers to these questions are not directly stated in the dialog, but they can be inferred (concluded) from what the speakers say. (Pertanyaan inferensi Ini adalah pertanyaan Bagian A kedua yang paling umum (sekitar 20%). Jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut tidak secara langsung dinyatakan dalam dialog, tetapi dapat disimpulkan (disimpulkan) dari apa yang pembicara katakan.) | “What does the man/woman imply?” (“Apa maksud pria/wanita itu?”)“What can be inferred from the conversation about —?” (“Apa yang bisa disimpulkan dari percakapan tentang —?”) “What can be concluded from the conversation about—?” |
| 3 | Questions about suggestions Generally, the first speaker talks about a problem or asks for advice. The second speaker makes a suggestion for solving the problem. (Pertanyaan tentang saran Umumnya, pembicara pertama berbicara tentang suatu masalah atau meminta nasihat. Pembicara kedua memberikan saran untuk memecahkan masalah.) | “What does the woman suggest the man do?” (“Apa yang wanita itu sarankan agar pria itu lakukan?”)“What does the man suggest they do?” (“Apa yang pria itu sarankan agar mereka lakukan?”) “What does the woman suggest?” “What does the woman think the man should do?” |
| 4 | Questions about future actions These ask what one or both of the speakers will do next or in the near future, or what one or both are planning to do. (Pertanyaan tentang tindakan di masa depan Menanyakan apa yang akan dilakukan oleh salah satu atau kedua pembicara selanjutnya atau dalam waktu dekat, atau apa yang akan dilakukan oleh salah satu atau keduanya.) | “What will the man do?” (“Apa yang akan dilakukan pria itu?”)“What will they probably do next?” (“Apa yang mungkin akan mereka lakukan selanjutnya?”) “What are the speakers planning to do?” |
| 5 | Topic questions These ask about the subject of the dialog. (Topik pertanyaan Ini menanyakan tentang subjek dialog.) | “What are they talking about?” (“Apa yang mereka bicarakan?”)“What are they discussing?” (“Apa yang mereka diskusikan?” ) |
| 6 | Questions about opinions These ask how one or both of the speakers feel about some topic. (Pertanyaan tentang opini Ini menanyakan bagaimana pendapat salah satu atau kedua pembicara tentang suatu topik.) | “How does the man/woman feel about —?” (“Bagaimana perasaan pria/wanita itu tentang —?”)“What is their opinion of —?” (“Apa pendapat mereka tentang —?”) |
| 7 | Questions about assumptions These ask what the second speaker thought (assumed) before he or she spoke to the first speaker. (Pertanyaan tentang asumsi Pertanyaan ini menanyakan apa yang dipikirkan (diasumsikan) oleh pembicara kedua sebelum dia berbicara kepada pembicara pertama.) | “What had the man assumed about —?” (“Apa yang orang itu asumsikan tentang —?”)“What had the woman previously assumed?” (“Apa yang wanita itu asumsikan sebelumnya?”) |
| 8 | Questions about questions The first speaker makes a statement; the second speaker asks a question to get more information. (Pertanyaan tentang pertanyaan Pembicara pertama membuat pernyataan; pembicara kedua mengajukan pertanyaan untuk mendapatkan lebih banyak informasi.) | “What does the man want to know?” (“Apa yang ingin diketahui pria itu?”) |
Note: Two types of questions that were commonly asked about dialogs in the past are seldom or never asked about in the new-format test. These are location questions (“Where does this conversation probably take place?”) and occupation questions (“What is the man’s occupation?” or “Who is the man?”).
(Catatan: Dua jenis pertanyaan yang sering ditanyakan tentang dialog di masa lalu jarang atau tidak pernah ditanyakan dalam tes format baru. Ini adalah pertanyaan lokasi (“Di mana percakapan ini mungkin terjadi?”) dan pertanyaan pekerjaan (“Apa pekerjaan pria itu?” atau “Siapa pria itu?”).)
The Answer Choices
All four of the answer choices are logical answers for the question, but only one-the key-is correct according to the dialog. However, as in all parts of the TOEFL, not all of the answer choices are equally attractive. You can often eliminate one or two choices easily even if you are not sure which answer is correct and so make a better guess. (Keempat pilihan jawaban adalah jawaban logis untuk pertanyaan, tetapi hanya satu kunci yang benar menurut dialog. Namun, seperti di semua bagian TOEFL, tidak semua pilihan jawaban sama menariknya. Anda sering dapat menghilangkan satu atau dua pilihan dengan mudah meskipun Anda tidak yakin jawaban mana yang benar sehingga membuat tebakan yang lebih baik.)
Correct answers are seldom stated word for word by either of the speakers. Correct answers often contain synonyms (words with the same meaning) for words in the dialogs and use different sentence structures. Grammatically, there are three types of answer choices (Jawaban yang benar jarang dinyatakan kata demi kata oleh salah satu pembicara. Jawaban yang benar sering mengandung sinonim (kata dengan arti yang sama) untuk kata-kata dalam dialog dan menggunakan struktur kalimat yang berbeda. Secara tata bahasa, ada tiga jenis pilihan jawaban) :
- Complete sentences (about 75%) (Kalimat lengkap (sekitar 75%)
- Incomplete sentences, usually beginning with verb forms-most often the simple form of the verb (about 20%) (Kalimat tidak lengkap, biasanya dimulai dengan bentuk kata kerja-paling sering bentuk sederhana dari kata kerja (sekitar 20%)
- Short noun or prepositional phrases (Kata benda pendek atau frase preposisional)
The form of the answer choice can sometimes help you guess what the question will be, and you can therefore focus your listening. (Bentuk pilihan jawaban terkadang dapat membantu Anda menebak apa pertanyaannya, dan karenanya Anda dapat memfokuskan pendengaran Anda.)
| Question Type and example | Usual Form of answer choice and examples |
| Meaning questions: (Pertanyaan yang berarti) “What does the man mean?” |
Complete sentences: (A) He prefers coffee to tea. (B) He’d like some lemon in his tea. |
| Questions about inferences: (Pertanyaan tentang inferensi) “What does the woman imply about the article?” |
Complete sentences: (A) She will probably read it today. (B) She wasn’t able to find it in the library. |
| Questions about suggestions: (Pertanyaan tentang saran) “What does the woman suggest John do?” “What does the man suggest?” |
Incomplete sentences beginning with simple forms of verbs or -ing forms: (A) Call his cousin. (B) Take his cousin home.(A) Taking a bus to campus. (B) Walking to class. |
| Questions about future actions: (Pertanyaan tentang tindakan di masa mendatang) “What will the speakers probably do next?” |
Incomplete sentences beginning with simple forms of verbs: (A) Park their car. (B) Get some gasoline. |
| Topic questions: (Pertanyaan topik:) “What are the speakers discussing?” |
Noun phrases: (A) The man’s new schedule. (B) A homework assignment. |
| Questions about opinions: (Pertanyaan tentang pendapat) “What was their opinion of the play?””How does the man feel about the announcement he heard?” |
Complete sentences or adjective phrases: (A) They didn’t enjoy it very much. (B) They liked it more than they thought they would.(A) Angry. (B) Enthusiastic. |
| Questions about assumptions: (Pertanyaan tentang asumsi:) “What had the man assumed about Kathy?” |
Complete sentences often containing the auxiliary verb would or had: (A) She had already finished the paper. (B) She wouldn’t finish the research on time. |
| Questions about questions: “What does the woman ask about Professor Tolbert?””What does the man ask about the department store?” |
Incomplete sentences beginning with the word if or one of the wh- words or noun phrases: (A) If she is still in her office. (B) Where her office is.(A) Its location. (B) Its hours of operation. |
| Questions about time: “When will the man play the piano?” |
Prepositional phrases of time: (A) At noon. (B) Before the ceremony. |
| Questions about reasons: “Why did Jerry miss the party?”
“Why did Linda talk to Professor Delgado?” |
Complete sentences or incomplete sentences beginning with infinitives (to + simple form):
(A) He didn’t receive an invitation. (A) To ask him about a grade. |
| Questions about problems: “What problem did the man have?” |
Complete sentences: (A) He didn’t bring enough money for the tickets. (B) There were no tickets available. |
| Questions about activities: “What are they probably doing?” |
Incomplete sentences beginning with -ing verbs: (A) Buying groceries. (B) Cooking breakfast. |
The test writers sometimes make it more difficult to pick the correct answer by using sound-alike words, homonyms, words with multiple meaning, and other techniques. You’ll practice avoiding these traps in this part of the Guide. (Penulis tes terkadang membuat lebih sulit untuk memilih jawaban yang benar dengan menggunakan kata-kata yang mirip, homonim, kata-kata dengan banyak arti, dan teknik lainnya. Anda akan berlatih menghindari jebakan ini di bagian Panduan ini.)
- Be familiar with the directions for Part A. (Pahami petunjuk untuk Bagian A.)
- Remember that the answer for the question is generally contained in what the second speaker says. (Ingatlah bahwa jawaban pertanyaan umumnya terkandung dalam apa yang dikatakan pembicara kedua.)
- If you are not sure of the answer, eliminate as many answer choices as you can. (Jika Anda tidak yakin dengan jawabannya, hilangkan sebanyak mungkin pilihan jawaban.)
- After you have chosen an answer, use the remaining time to preview the choices for the next If the answer choices are long, just skim over them quickly. Try to anticipate what the question will be by the form of the answer choices. (Setelah Anda memilih jawaban, gunakan waktu yang tersisa untuk meninjau pilihan item berikutnya. Jika pilihan jawabannya panjang, lewati saja dengan cepat. Cobalah untuk mengantisipasi pertanyaan apa yang akan muncul dalam bentuk pilihan jawaban.)
- If you don’t understand all or part of a conversation, guess and go on. (Jika Anda tidak memahami semua atau sebagian percakapan, tebak dan lanjutkan.)