APA ITU PREPOSITION?
Preposition
adalah kata yang berfungsinya untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara objeknya dengan bagian lain di dalam kalimat. Kata depan bahasa Inggris ini bersama objeknya menerangkan verb (kata kerja), noun (kata benda), atau adjective (kata sifat).
Object of preposition dapat berupa noun, noun phrase (frasa kata benda), pronoun (kata ganti), atau gerund (verb + -ing).contoh kalimat preposition (kata depan bahasa Inggris) dan Artinya
Suatu preposition dapat hanya terdiri dari satu kata (one word preposition), atau gabungan dengan part of speech lain (complex preposition).
| one-word preposition | complex preposition |
| at in of on under with | a long with because of by means of next to |
Prepositional Phrase
Kombinasi antara preposition dengan object of preposition membentuk suatu frasa yang disebut prepositional phrase.
| prepositional phrase = preposition + object of preposition |
Contoh Prepositional Phrase:
| 1 | preposition + noun | at home |
| 2 | preposition + pronoun | because of you |
| 3 | preposition + noun phrase | under the bridge |
Prepositional phrase dapat dibedakan menjadi adjectival prepositional phrase dan adverbial prepositional phrase.
Adjectival berfungsi seperti adjective yang menerangkan noun, sedangkan adverbial berfungsi seperti adverb yang menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb.
Contoh Kalimat Prepositional Phrase:
| 1 | The family under the bridge has to scramble to buy food. (Keluarga di bawa jembatan itu harus berjuang untuk membeli makanan.) adjectival prepositional phrase menerangkan family |
| 2 | The workers are going on strike because of not being paid last month. (Para pekerja akan mogok kerja karena tidak dibayar bulan lalu.) adverbial prepositional phrase menerangkan frasa “go on strike” (verb “go”) |
Macam-Macam Preposition
One-Word Prepositions
Preposition yang terdiri dari satu kata memiliki dua bentuk:
Tanpa akhiran -ing
| aboard | before | during | off | throughout |
| about | behind | except (for) | on | till |
| above | below | for | opposite | to |
| across | beneath | from | out (of) | toward(s) |
| after | beside*** | in | outside | under |
| against | besides**** | inside | over | underneath |
| along (side) | between | into | past | until |
| amid (= amidst) | beyond | less | per | up |
| among* | but | like | plus | versus (= against) |
| around** | by | minus | re | via (= by way of) |
| At | despite | near | since | with |
| Atop (= on top of) | down | of | through | without |
- * Amongst lebih disukai di BE.
** Bentuk informalnya adalah round.
*** Beside mempunyai arti “disamping” secara fisik, contoh: She sat beside me.
**** Besides mempunyai arti “disamping” TIDAK secara fisik, contoh: She likes shopping besides sightseeing. - Dengan akhiran -ing
| baring | during | including | regarding | touching |
| concerning | excepting | notwithstanding | respecting | |
| considering | excluding | pending | saving |
Two-Word Prepositions
Preposition yang terdiri dari dua kata meliputi:
Dengan OF
| ahead of | exclusive of | irrespective of | east (west, south, north) of |
| apropos of | inclusive of | regardless of | |
| because of | instead of | short of |
Dengan TO
| according to | on to (= onto) | relative to |
| antecedent to | owing to | subject to |
| as to | previous (ly) to | subsequent (ly) to |
| contrary to | prior to | thanks to |
| counter to | pursuant to | up to |
| due to | next to |
Dengan WITH
| along with | concurrently with | together with |
Dengan FOR
| as for | except (for) | save (for) |
| but (for) |
Dengan FROM
| apart from | aside from | away from |
Dengan UP
| up against | up till | up to |
| up at | up until |
More-than-Two-Word Prepositions
Preposition yang terdiri dari tiga kata atau lebih meliputi:
| by | dint means order reason virtue way | of | on the | face occasion part point strength top | of |
| at the | cost hands point risk | of | as a | consequence result | of |
| with the | exception purpose | of | in | accordance addition advance back care case comparison connection contrast favor front lieu proportion regard respect return spite | with to of of of of with with with of of of to to to for of |
| with | an eye a view | to | in (the) | course event face light process | of |
| for | fear lack want | of | in the | middle (midst) | of |
| for the | benefit purpose sake | of | In | common compliance search recognition default opposition | with with of of of to |
| with | reference regard respect | to | on | account behalf pain | of |
Jenis Preposition
Berikut jenis dan contoh preposition dalam bahasa Inggris.
Free and Bound Prepositions
Berdasarkan jenisnya, preposition dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu:
Free Preposition (bebas)
Free preposition adalah preposisi yang penggunaannya tidak terikat dengan kata-kata tertentu atau, dengan kata lain, yang dapat digunakan secara bebas. Yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok ini adalah preposisi yang disebutkan di muka. Contoh:
| I’m sitting on a bench. The grass over the hill looks greener. He was willing to sacrifice anything for the sake of his family. |
Bound Preposition (terikat)
Bound preposition adalah preposisi yang mempunyai aturan dalam penggunaannya. Preposisi ini digunakan terikat dengan kata-kata tertentu seperti: verb, noun, dan adjective.
verb + prep
| VERB + PREP |
Contoh:
| accuse sb* of apologize (to sb) for apply to sb/ for sth** ask for/ about attend to beg for believe in beware of change sb with compare sth with comply with comform to consist of deal in depend on dream of fight with sb for fine sb for hope for | insist on live on (food/ money) long for object to occur to persist in prefer sb/ sth to sb/ sth prepare for quarrel with sb about refer to rely on remain sb of resort to succeed in suspect sb of think of/ about wait for warn sb of/ about wish for |
* sb = somebody
** sth = something
| Do you believe in ghosts? They were charged with receiving stolen goods. You haven’t complied with the regulations. For a week she lived on bananas and milk. It never occured to me to insure the house. They persist in defying the law. When arguments failed he resorted to threats. |
noun + prep
| NOUN + PREP |
Contoh:
| choice of excuse for intention of | method for possibility for reason for |
| George has no excuse for dropping out the school. There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price. There is no reason for leaving this early. Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem. |
adj + prep
| ADJ + PREP |
Contoh:
| absorbed in accustomed to afraid of anxious of/ about ashamed of aware of bad at/ for capable of confident of exposed to fit for fond of frightened of/ at good at/ for interested in | keen on liable for/ to nervous of pleased with prepared for proud of ready for responsible for/ to scared of sorry for/ about successful in suspicious of terrified of tired of used to |
| He was absorbed in his book. She is afraid/ frightened/ scared of the dark. He is bad/ good at chess. (a bad/ good player) |
Fungsi Preposition
Berdasarkan fungsinya, kata yang merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech bahasa Inggris ini dapat digolongkan menjadi beberapa macam, antara lain: preposition of time, preposition of place, preposition of movement, prepositition of manner, preposition of purpose, dan preposition of quantity/measure.
Berikut penjelasan singkat dan contohnya.
Preposition of Time (Waktu)
Preposition of time adalah preposition yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu.
Contoh Preposition of Time:
| after at before by during for from in of off on over past since till to until |
Contoh Kalimat Preposition of Time:
| 1 | I’m looking for a place to stay for a few months. (Saya sedang mencari tempat untuk tinggal selama beberapa bulan.) |
| 2 | He was born in July. (Dia dilahirkan di bulan Juli.) |
Preposition of Place (Tempat)
Preposition of place adalah kata depan Bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tempat atau posisi.
Contoh Preposition of Place:
| aboard beneath above against along along side amid(st) among around at away from behind beside below | between by in inside in front of in the middle of near next toon outside over round under underneath |
Contoh Kalimat Preposition of Place:
| 1 | There’s a bowl of strawberries on the table. (Ada semangkok stroberi di atas meja.) |
| 2 | He sat next to me. (Dia duduk di sebelah saya.) |
Preposition of Movement (Pergerakan)
Preposition of movement adalah preposition yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan gerakan.
Contoh Preposition of Movement:
| around (mengelilingi / di sekitar) away from (menjauh dari) by/past (melewati) down (menuruni) inside (punya penekanan batas (wadah, tembok, dll)) into ((menuju) ke dalam, ke arah off (lepas/copot) onto ((menuju) ke atas) out of (keluar dari sesuatu atau suatu tempat) over (benda yang menyeberangi benda lain) to (ke, menuju) toward(s) (menuju) up (naik ke) |
Contoh Kalimat Preposition of Movement:
| 1 | A stray cat keeps coming inside my house. (Seekor kucing liar terus-menerus masuk ke dalam rumah saya.) |
| 2 | We used to walk down the hill. (Kami dulu biasa berjalan menuruni bukit.) |
Preposition of Manner (Cara)
Preposition of manner adalah kata depan bahasa Inggris yang menunjukkan hubungan “cara” antara objek-nya dan kata-kata yang lain di dalam suatu kalimat.
Contoh Preposition of Manner:
| by in like on with without |
Contoh Kalimat Preposition of Manner:
| 1 | We went there by plane, but we returned by train. (Kami pergi ke sana menggunakan pesawat, namun kami kembali dengan kereta.) |
| 2 | Carla moved to Surabaya without telling me. (Carla pindah ke Surabaya tanpa mengatakan kepada saya.) |
Preposition of Purpose (Tujuan)
Preposition of purpose adalah preposition yang menunjukkan hubungan “tujuan” (purpose) antara objek-nya dan kata-kata lain di dalam suatu kalimat.
Contoh Preposition of Purpose:
| for |
Contoh Kalimat Preposition of Purpose:
| Do you know how to set a table for dinner? (Apakah kamu tahu bagaimana cara menyiapkan meja untuk makan malam?) |
Preposition of Quantity/Measure (Kuantitas/Ukuran)
Preposition of quantity adalah kata depan bahasa Inggris yang menunjukkan hubungan “kuantitas” atau “ukuran” antara objek-nya dan kata-kata yang lain di dalam suatu kalimat. Prepositional phrase of quantity akan mampu menjawab pertanyaan seperti: How much? How long?
Contoh Preposition of Quantity:
| for by |
Contoh Kalimat Preposition of Quantity:
| 1 | I have been married for 2 years. (Saya telah menikah selama 2 tahun.) |
| 2 | They sell fabric by the yard. (Mereka menjual kain per yar.) |
Agent (pelaku)
| This novel was written by Harper Lee. |
Instrument (alat)
| I can make calligraphy with a brush. |
Kombinasi Preposition dengan Part of Speech Lain
Sebagian noun, adjective, dan verb memiliki “pasangan” preposition. noun/adjective/verb + preposition + object of preposition menunjukkan hubungan antara noun/adjective/verb dengan object of preposition. Berikut beberapa contoh kombinasi preposition dengan part of speech tersebut.
| noun + preposition | information aboutanger atresponsibility forexperience inawareness ofcongratulations onaddiction todifficulty with |
| adjective + preposition | excited aboutexcellent atsurprised byready fordifferent frominterested infond ofbased on |
| verb + preposition | believe inbreak intocare aboutdecide onget overlook afterstare attalk about |
| verb + particle + preposition | come up againstget on withlook in onrun out of |
Contoh Kalimat Kombinasi Preposition:
| 1 | noun + preposition | He had a difficulty with performing mental calculations. (Dia mempunyai kesulitan dalam melakukan perhitungan mental.) |
| 2 | adjective + preposition | This book is based on true stories. (Buku ini berdasarkan kisah-kisah nyata.) |
| 3 | verb + preposition | Get over it. (Lupakan itu.) |
| 4 | verb + particle + preposition | We’re about to run out of palm sugar. (Kita hampir kehabisan gula aren.) |
Preposition dan Conjunction
Ada beberapa preposition yang memiliki struktur dan makna yang sama dengan subordinate conjunction. Preposition tersebut antara lain: after, before, since, dan until. Bedanya jika preposition diikuti kata atau frasa, subordinate conjunction diikuti clause yang setidaknya terdiri dari subject dan verb.
Contoh Kalimat Preposition dan Conjunction:
| 1 | preposition + frasa “the end of this month” | You will receive the payment before the end of this month. (Kamu akan menerima pembayaran sebelum akhir bulan ini.) |
| 2 | conjunction (diikuti clause “you receive the payment”) | You will receive the payment before you leave tonight. (Kamu akan menerima pembayaran sebelum kamu pergi malam ini.) |
Perbedaan Preposition dan Adverb
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada banyak kata yang termasuk preposisi dan sekaligus adverb. Untuk membedakannya yaitu: preposisi apabila diikuti oleh objek preposisi (noun, pronoun NP, N Cl, dan gerund), dan adverb apabila sebagai kata akhir atau diikuti komponen selain objek preposisi. Contoh:
| Preposition: He fell down the stairs. Please come in the house. He got off the bus at the corner. |
| Adverb: He fell down. Please come in. He got off at the corner. |
